Doc #17 — Engineering Reference Tables

COMPUTED DATA: ENGINEERING REFERENCE TABLES

View the Engineering Reference Tables → — Beam deflection, pipe flow, timber spans, wire ampacity, thread dimensions, and bolt strength tables.

View the generation script → — Python source code for computing structural and mechanical engineering data.

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RECOMMENDED ACTIONS

Immediate (Days 1–7) — Phase 1

1. Secure copies of key NZ standards in any format (digital or print): NZS 3603 (Timber Structures Standard), NZS 3404 (Steel Structures Standard), AS/NZS 3008 (Electrical Installations — Selection of Cables), AS/NZS 1252 and ISO 898 (bolt specifications). Check Standards NZ offices, engineering firms, university libraries, territorial authority building departments.³
2. Obtain NZ Steel product catalogues from Glenbrook or NZ Steel distributors. These specify actual section dimensions, mechanical properties, and availability for NZ-produced steel.
3. Obtain NZ Timber Design Guide from the Timber Industry Federation or NZ Wood (formerly NZ Pine Manufacturers’ Association). This contains span tables already computed for NZ species and grades.⁴
4. Identify engineers and engineering academics with access to or knowledge of these data sources. University engineering departments (Canterbury, Auckland, Waikato) hold institutional copies of standards and reference data.

Short-term (Days 7–30) — Phase 1

5. Compile and format table data from the secured sources into a print-ready engineering reference. This is a data-entry and formatting task, not original computation — most tables already exist in NZ standards and supplier documentation.
6. Cross-check compiled tables against at least two independent sources per table category. Errors in engineering reference data can cause structural failures.
7. Compute any missing derived tables (beam deflection coefficients, pipe flow interpolations, gear ratio matrices) using standard formulas while computing resources are available.

Medium-term (Days 30–90) — Phase 1–2

8. Print and distribute the completed reference. Target: one copy per engineering workshop, building department, power station, port, and major farm. Minimum print run: 200–300 copies.
9. Produce laminated quick-reference cards for the most frequently consulted tables (bolt torque values, wire ampacity, common beam spans). These survive workshop conditions better than paper.

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1. TABLE CATEGORIES AND SCOPE

The reference comprises eleven table categories. Each section below describes the content, the primary NZ data source, and the approximate page count.

1.1 Structural Steel Sections

Content: Dimensions, section properties (area, moment of inertia, section modulus, radius of gyration), and mass per metre for all standard steel sections available from NZ sources. Includes:

• Universal beams (UB) and universal columns (UC)
• Parallel flange channels (PFC)
• Equal and unequal angles
• Rectangular and square hollow sections (RHS, SHS)
• Circular hollow sections (CHS)
• Flat bar, round bar, plate thickness ranges

NZ-specific considerations: NZ Steel’s Glenbrook mill does not produce structural sections (UB, UC, PFC, angles) — these have historically been imported, primarily from Australia and Asia.⁵ Under isolation, the available section range is limited to existing NZ stockholding and salvage from demolished structures, unless Glenbrook or a secondary mill develops section-rolling capability. The tables should list both the full range previously available in NZ (for use with existing stocks and salvage) and note which sections depend entirely on pre-event inventory.⁶ NZ structural steel design is governed by NZS 3404, which uses Grade 300 (300 MPa yield) and Grade 350 (350 MPa yield) as standard grades.⁷

Data source: NZ Steel product catalogue; OneSteel/Liberty Steel Australia catalogue (for previously imported sections); ASI Steel Construction Handbook.

Estimated pages: 30–40.

1.2 NZ Timber Span Tables

Content: Maximum allowable spans for floor joists, rafters, beams, and lintels in common NZ timber species and grades, at standard load conditions. Organised by:

• Species: radiata pine (the dominant structural timber), Douglas fir, rimu, matai, totara, macrocarpa, kahikatea
• Grade: No. 1 Framing, Structural (SG8, SG10, SG12), Machine Stress Graded
• Member size: standard NZ timber sizes (90 x 45, 140 x 45, 190 x 45, 240 x 45, 290 x 45, etc.)
• Loading: light roof (0.5 kPa), heavy roof (1.0 kPa), residential floor (1.5 kPa), commercial floor (3.0 kPa)
• Spacing: 400 mm, 450 mm, 600 mm centres

NZ-specific considerations: NZ timber grades and sizes differ from North American and European systems. Radiata pine is NZ’s principal structural timber, grown in extensive plantation forests — over 1.7 million hectares as of 2020.⁸ Its structural properties are well-characterised but it is a relatively low-strength species compared to Douglas fir or hardwoods. Native species (rimu, matai, totara) have higher strength but are not available in plantation quantities; their inclusion supports salvage use and small-scale milling of native timber on private land.

Data source: NZS 3603:1993 Timber Structures Standard; NZ Timber Design Guide (NZ Wood); BRANZ publications.⁹

Estimated pages: 25–35.

1.3 Pipe Flow Tables

Content: Friction loss data for water flow in common pipe materials and sizes, organised by:

• Pipe material: steel, copper, PVC, polyethylene (PE), concrete
• Nominal diameter: DN15 through DN300 for building services; DN100 through DN600 for reticulation
• Flow rate and corresponding velocity, head loss per 100 metres, and Reynolds number
• Moody chart data: friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness, with worked examples
• Minor loss coefficients (K values) for fittings: elbows, tees, valves, reducers

NZ-specific considerations: NZ water supply and plumbing systems use metric pipe sizes (DN series) under the NZ Building Code and AS/NZS plumbing standards, but many older installations use imperial sizes. Both should be tabulated. PE pipe is now the dominant material for NZ water mains and rural supply; its flow characteristics differ from rigid pipe due to its smooth bore.¹⁰

Data source: AS/NZS 3500 (Plumbing and Drainage); Hydraulic Institute standards; manufacturer data (Iplex, Marley, Aliaxis); Moody chart from standard fluid mechanics references.

Estimated pages: 15–20.

1.4 Electrical Wire Ampacity Tables

Content: Current-carrying capacity (ampacity) for copper and aluminium conductors under NZ conditions, organised by:

• Conductor material: copper, aluminium
• Insulation type: PVC (V-75), XLPE (X-90), thermoplastic (common in NZ domestic wiring)
• Installation method: enclosed in wall, in conduit, on tray, in free air, buried direct, in duct
• Conductor size: 1.0 mm² through 300 mm² (copper), 16 mm² through 500 mm² (aluminium)
• Ambient temperature derating factors (25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C)
• Grouping derating factors (multiple circuits in proximity)

NZ-specific considerations: NZ uses 230 V single-phase and 400 V three-phase, 50 Hz — the same as Australia. Cable selection is governed by AS/NZS 3008.1.1, which NZ has adopted with national amendments.¹¹ NZ’s temperate climate means ambient temperature derating is less severe than in tropical regions, but some industrial environments and roof spaces can exceed 40°C in summer. The tables should include the NZ colour code for conductor identification (active: red or brown; neutral: black or blue; earth: green/yellow).¹²

Data source: AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017; Electricity (Safety) Regulations 2010; NZ Electrical Codes of Practice.

Estimated pages: 15–20.

1.5 Bolt and Fastener Specifications

Content: Dimensions, strength grades, proof loads, and torque values for metric bolts and nuts in common use, plus imperial equivalents for legacy equipment:

• Metric: M6 through M36, property classes 4.6, 8.8, 10.9, 12.9
• Imperial: 1/4” through 1-1/2” UNC and UNF, SAE grades 2, 5, 8
• Dimensions: head size, thread pitch, shank diameter, length ranges
• Proof load and tensile strength for each grade
• Recommended tightening torque (dry and lubricated)
• Washer dimensions (plain and spring)
• High-strength structural bolts (AS/NZS 1252) for steel connections

NZ-specific considerations: NZ formally metricated in the 1970s, but a significant quantity of imperial-threaded equipment remains in service — particularly in agricultural machinery, older industrial equipment, and vehicles imported from North America or the UK. Both metric and imperial tables are essential.¹³ Structural bolting in NZ uses property class 8.8 bolts to AS/NZS 1252, snug-tight or tensioned depending on application, as specified in NZS 3404.

Data source: ISO 898-1 (metric bolt properties); AS/NZS 1252 (structural bolts); SAE J429 (imperial grades); Fastenal technical reference data.

Estimated pages: 15–20.

1.6 Welding Data

Content: Electrode selection, amperage ranges, and joint preparation details for the welding processes relevant to NZ recovery (see Doc #94 for welding consumable fabrication):

• SMAW (stick) electrode types: E6010, E6013, E7016, E7018 — diameter vs. amperage range
• GMAW (MIG) wire sizes and voltage/feed rate parameters
• GTAW (TIG) tungsten electrode sizes and current ranges
• Joint preparations: butt, fillet, lap, tee — dimensions, root gaps, included angles
• Welding position factors (flat, horizontal, vertical, overhead)
• Preheat temperatures for common steel grades
• Weld defect identification guide

NZ-specific considerations: Under recovery conditions, stick welding (SMAW) becomes the primary process because its consumables are the most producible from NZ materials (Doc #94). The tables should emphasise SMAW data. Locally produced electrodes will have degraded arc stability and less consistent flux coverage compared to commercial products, likely requiring 10–20% higher amperage and slower travel speeds to achieve acceptable weld quality.¹⁴ A section on field-testing and parameter adjustment for non-standard electrodes is warranted.

Data source: AWS D1.1 (Structural Welding Code — Steel); HERA (Heavy Engineering Research Association) welding guides; Lincoln Electric and ESAB technical handbooks; AS/NZS 1554 (Structural Steel Welding).

Estimated pages: 15–20.

1.7 Beam Deflection Formulas and Quick-Reference Tables

Content: Standard deflection and bending moment formulas for common loading cases, plus precomputed tables for frequently encountered spans and loads:

• Simply supported beam: point load at centre, uniformly distributed load, two point loads
• Cantilever: point load at free end, uniformly distributed load
• Fixed-end beam: point load at centre, uniformly distributed load
• Continuous beam (two-span): uniformly distributed load
• Precomputed deflection tables for standard NZ steel sections under common spans (3 m, 4 m, 6 m, 8 m, 10 m, 12 m) and loads
• Allowable deflection limits per NZS 3404 (span/300 for general, span/360 for floors supporting brittle finishes)¹⁵

Data source: Standard structural analysis references (Gere, Timoshenko); NZS 3404; ASI Steel Construction Handbook.

Estimated pages: 10–15.

1.8 Thermal Properties of Common Materials

Content: Thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, density, and thermal expansion coefficient for materials relevant to NZ construction and manufacturing:

• Metals: mild steel, stainless steel, aluminium, copper, brass, cast iron, zinc
• Timber: radiata pine (along and across grain), Douglas fir, rimu, plywood
• Masonry: concrete (normal and lightweight), clay brick, concrete block, stone (greywacke — NZ’s most common aggregate and building stone)¹⁶
• Insulation: glass wool, polyester, sheep’s wool, macerated paper, expanded polystyrene
• Other: water, air, glass, soil (NZ volcanic and alluvial types)

NZ-specific considerations: The NZ Building Code (H1 Energy Efficiency) specifies minimum insulation R-values by climate zone. These R-values and their corresponding material thicknesses should be tabulated for NZ conditions.¹⁷ Sheep’s wool insulation is of particular interest as a locally produced alternative to imported glass wool or polyester — its thermal conductivity (approximately 0.035–0.040 W/m·K) is comparable to glass wool (0.032–0.040 W/m·K), though wool requires treatment against moth and fire to match the durability and fire rating of synthetic alternatives.

Data source: BRANZ; CIBSE Guide A; NZ Building Code H1; manufacturer data.

Estimated pages: 8–12.

1.9 Gear Ratios and Power Transmission

Content: Reference data for designing and repairing mechanical power transmission systems:

• Standard gear tooth profiles: module series (metric), diametral pitch (imperial)
• Speed ratio formulas for spur gears, worm gears, bevel gears, and chain/sprocket drives
• Belt and pulley calculations: speed ratios, belt length, tension, V-belt section dimensions (A, B, C, D, E)
• Chain drive data: roller chain pitch sizes (08B, 10B, 12B metric; #40, #50, #60 ANSI)
• Shaft power, torque, and speed relationships: P = Tω
• Key and keyway dimensions (metric series)

NZ-specific considerations: Repair and adaptation of existing machinery is a higher priority than new machine design under recovery conditions. The tables should support reverse-engineering of existing gear trains and replacing broken components with locally fabricated parts. Many NZ agricultural machines (imported from the UK, US, Australia, and Europe over decades) use a mix of metric and imperial drivetrain components.¹⁸

Data source: Machinery’s Handbook; ISO 54 (cylindrical gears); AS 1654 (pulleys and V-belts); manufacturer catalogues (Gates, SKF, Tsubaki).

Estimated pages: 10–15.

1.10 Thread Specifications

Content: Detailed thread dimensions for positive identification and fabrication:

• Metric coarse (M series): M3 through M36 — pitch, major diameter, minor diameter, tap drill size
• Metric fine: common sizes (M8x1, M10x1.25, M12x1.25, M14x1.5, M16x1.5)
• Unified National Coarse (UNC): 1/4”-20 through 1-1/2”-6
• Unified National Fine (UNF): 1/4”-28 through 1-1/2”-12
• British Standard Whitworth (BSW): 1/4” through 1” — still encountered on older NZ equipment
• British Standard Pipe (BSP): 1/8” through 4” — used throughout NZ plumbing and hydraulics
• Acme and trapezoidal (power transmission screws)
• Thread identification guide: pitch gauge usage, diameter measurement, visual comparison charts

NZ-specific considerations: NZ’s thread environment is genuinely mixed. Metric became standard in the 1970s, but BSW threads persist on pre-1970s equipment, UNC/UNF on North American imports, and BSP on virtually all pipe fittings regardless of age. A recovery workshop must be able to identify and cut all four thread families. The thread identification guide — distinguishing metric from UNF from BSW by pitch and diameter measurement — may be the single most consulted page in this reference.¹⁹

Data source: ISO 261 (metric threads); ASME B1.1 (unified threads); BS 84 (Whitworth); BS 21 (BSP); Machinery’s Handbook.

Estimated pages: 10–15.

1.11 Unit Conversion Tables

Content: Comprehensive metric-to-imperial and imperial-to-metric conversion factors for all engineering quantities, plus commonly used derived conversions:

• Length: mm, cm, m, km ↔︎ inches, feet, yards, miles
• Area: mm², m², hectares ↔︎ sq inches, sq feet, acres
• Volume: mL, litres, m³ ↔︎ fl oz, gallons (US and Imperial), cubic feet
• Mass: grams, kg, tonnes ↔︎ ounces, pounds, tons (short and long)
• Force: newtons, kN ↔︎ pounds-force, kips
• Pressure: kPa, MPa, bar ↔︎ psi, atmospheres, inches Hg, metres of water head
• Temperature: Celsius ↔︎ Fahrenheit (formula and quick-reference table)
• Torque: N·m ↔︎ ft·lbs, in·lbs
• Power: watts, kW ↔︎ hp (mechanical), BTU/hr
• Flow rate: L/s, m³/hr ↔︎ GPM (US), CFM
• Hardness: Brinell, Rockwell (B and C scales), Vickers — conversion table
• Wire and sheet metal gauges: BWG, SWG, AWG to mm equivalents

NZ-specific considerations: NZ is officially metric but much technical literature, imported equipment, and older NZ engineering documentation uses imperial units. American technical references (widely used in NZ workshops) default to imperial. Australian standards (which NZ shares) are metric. The conversion tables should be bidirectional and include the wire gauge conversions that are frequently needed when sourcing or replacing electrical wire and sheet metal.²⁰

Data source: NIST Handbook 44; ISO 80000; BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures).

Estimated pages: 8–10.

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2. SAMPLE TABLE ENTRIES

The following samples illustrate the format and level of detail for three table categories. These are representative entries, not the complete tables.

2.1 Sample: Structural Steel — Universal Beams

Designation	Depth (mm)	Width (mm)	Web (mm)	Flange (mm)	Mass (kg/m)	I_xx (10⁶ mm⁴)	Z_xx (10³ mm³)	S_xx (10³ mm³)
150 UB 14.0	150	75	5.0	7.0	14.0	6.66	88.8	101
200 UB 18.2	198	99	4.5	7.0	18.2	15.8	160	180
200 UB 25.4	203	133	5.8	7.8	25.4	23.6	232	258
250 UB 25.7	248	124	5.0	8.0	25.7	35.4	285	321
310 UB 32.0	298	149	5.5	8.0	32.0	65.9	442	494
310 UB 40.4	304	165	6.1	10.2	40.4	86.4	568	633
360 UB 44.7	352	171	6.9	9.7	44.7	121	688	770
410 UB 53.7	403	178	7.6	10.9	53.7	188	933	1,050
460 UB 67.1	454	190	8.5	12.7	67.1	296	1,300	1,470
530 UB 82.0	528	209	9.6	13.2	82.0	477	1,810	2,030
610 UB 101	602	228	10.6	14.8	101	761	2,530	2,860

Key: I_xx = second moment of area about major axis; Z_xx = elastic section modulus; S_xx = plastic section modulus. Grade 300 (fy = 300 MPa) or Grade 350 (fy = 350 MPa) per NZS 3404. Properties from ASI Steel Construction Handbook.²¹

2.2 Sample: Timber Span Table — Radiata Pine Floor Joists

Residential floor loading (1.5 kPa live + 0.4 kPa dead), SG8 grade radiata pine, single span simply supported.²²

Member Size (mm)	400 mm centres	450 mm centres	600 mm centres
140 x 45	2.2 m	2.1 m	1.9 m
190 x 45	3.0 m	2.9 m	2.6 m
240 x 45	3.8 m	3.7 m	3.3 m
290 x 45	4.6 m	4.5 m	4.0 m
190 x 90	3.6 m	3.4 m	3.1 m
240 x 90	4.5 m	4.3 m	3.9 m
290 x 90	5.3 m	5.1 m	4.7 m

Values are maximum allowable spans governed by deflection (span/300) or bending strength, whichever is more restrictive. For SG10 grade, spans may be increased by approximately 10–15%. For SG12, increase by approximately 20–25%. Values derived from NZS 3603:1993 and NZ Timber Design Guide. These figures require verification against the current NZS 3604 acceptable solutions for specific building consent purposes.²³

2.3 Sample: Wire Ampacity — Copper Conductors, PVC Insulated

Single-circuit, enclosed in wall or conduit, 30°C ambient, copper conductor, V-75 PVC insulation.²⁴

Conductor Size (mm²)	Single-Phase (A)	Three-Phase (A)	Typical NZ Application
1.0	11	—	Lighting circuits
1.5	14	12	Lighting, low-load power
2.5	20	17	General power outlets (GPOs)
4.0	26	22	High-load GPOs, hot water
6.0	33	28	Cooktops, large appliances
10	45	39	Sub-mains, workshop circuits
16	57	50	Sub-mains, small motor circuits
25	73	64	Main supply, large motor circuits
35	89	78	Main supply
50	108	94	Heavy industrial
70	136	119	Heavy industrial
95	164	143	Distribution boards

Values from AS/NZS 3008.1.1, Table 3 (method of installation: enclosed in thermally insulating material on one side — typical NZ timber-frame wall).²⁵ For cables in free air, ampacity is approximately 30–50% higher. For XLPE insulation (X-90), ampacity is approximately 15–25% higher. Apply grouping derating factors when multiple circuits share a conduit or cable tray.

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3. DATA SOURCES AND VERIFICATION

3.1 Primary NZ sources

Source	Content	Status
NZS 3603:1993	Timber structures — design and properties	NZ Standard; copies held by engineers and councils
NZS 3604:2011	Timber-framed buildings	Acceptable solution; widely held
NZS 3404:1997	Steel structures standard	NZ Standard; copies in engineering offices
AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017	Cable selection	Joint AU/NZ standard
NZ Steel product catalogue	Steel section data for Glenbrook products	Held by NZ Steel and distributors
NZ Timber Design Guide	Span tables and timber properties	Published by NZ Wood; widely distributed
BRANZ publications	Construction data and thermal properties	BRANZ, Porirua
HERA publications	Steel and welding engineering data	HERA, Manukau

3.2 Verification protocol

Every table entry should be checked against at least two independent sources before printing. Where only one source exists (as for some NZ Steel-specific data), the source should be noted and the data flagged for verification by a qualified engineer. Errors in reference tables propagate through every design that uses them — a wrong number in a span table or ampacity table can cause a building to collapse or a cable to overheat. The verification effort is proportionate to the consequence of error.

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4. ESTIMATED TOTAL PAGE COUNT

Section	Pages
1.1 Structural steel sections	30–40
1.2 Timber span tables	25–35
1.3 Pipe flow tables	15–20
1.4 Wire ampacity tables	15–20
1.5 Bolt and fastener specs	15–20
1.6 Welding data	15–20
1.7 Beam deflection	10–15
1.8 Thermal properties	8–12
1.9 Gear ratios and power transmission	10–15
1.10 Thread specifications	10–15
1.11 Unit conversions	8–10
Front matter, index, instructions	5–10
Total	~170–230

Estimate: Approximately 200 pages in a compact, dual-column format printed on A4. Double-sided printing reduces this to roughly 100 physical sheets. A more expanded format with worked examples and explanatory notes would reach 400–500 pages. The compact version should be printed first; an expanded version can follow if printing resources allow.

The printing cost of 200–300 copies at 200 pages each is 40,000–60,000 pages — a meaningful but manageable fraction of printing resources (Doc #5). This investment pays for itself the first time a structural engineer sizes a beam without access to a computer, or an electrician selects a cable without the software that normally does it for them.

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5. FORMAT AND PRINTING CONSIDERATIONS

5.1 Layout

• Dual-column format for data-dense tables (steel sections, bolt specs, thread dimensions)
• Landscape orientation for wide tables (span tables, pipe flow)
• Minimum 7-point type for tabular data; 9-point for body text and notes
• High contrast — black on white, no shading or colour coding (toner economy, readability in poor light)
• Running headers on every page identifying the table category
• Comprehensive index and thumb-tab markers for rapid lookup

5.2 Durability

Workshop copies will be handled with dirty hands, exposed to oil and water, and consulted thousands of times. Options for durability:

• Spiral binding (lies flat on a workbench)
• Laminated covers (front and back)
• Heavy card dividers between sections
• Laminated single-sheet versions of the most-consulted tables (bolt torques, ampacity, common spans) for posting on workshop walls

5.3 Updates and corrections

An errata mechanism must be established. If errors are found after printing, a correction sheet should be distributed to all holders. The correction sheet should be printed on a distinctive colour (if coloured paper is available) to ensure visibility.

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6. CROSS-REFERENCES

Document	Relationship
Doc #14 (Mathematical Tables)	Logarithms, trigonometric functions, and other mathematical tables used in engineering calculations
Doc #23 (Materials Properties Handbook)	Expanded materials data beyond the thermal properties in Section 1.8
Doc #89 (NZ Steel Glenbrook)	Steelworks operations, product range, and constraints affecting what steel sections are available
Doc #91 (Machine Shop Operations)	Workshop operations that depend on thread, fastener, and gear data from this reference
Doc #94 (Welding Consumable Fabrication)	Local electrode production — informs the welding data in Section 1.6
Doc #99 (Timber Processing)	Timber supply chain affecting what species and grades are available
Doc #105 (Wire and Fencing)	Wire drawing capability for fastener and electrode production
Doc #163 (Housing Insulation)	Uses thermal property data from Section 1.8
Doc #5 (Printing Strategy)	Printing resource allocation and scheduling for this reference

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7. CRITICAL UNCERTAINTIES

Uncertainty	Impact if unfavourable	Mitigation
NZ standards documents may not be physically available	Cannot compile accurate NZ-specific tables	Secure copies immediately from multiple sources (Section Recommended Actions, item 1); university libraries are likely the most reliable repositories
NZ Steel product range may change under isolation; Glenbrook does not currently produce structural sections	Steel section tables become partially obsolete as pre-event stockholding is consumed	Track remaining stockholding and salvage availability; update tables as Glenbrook’s post-isolation product mix stabilises; note sections available only from inventory
Locally produced timber grades may differ from pre-war standards	Span tables may overestimate or underestimate capacity	Include guidance on visual grading and conservative derating for ungraded timber
Printing resources insufficient for 200+ copies	Too few copies for distribution to all workshops	Print in compact format first; prioritise distribution to regional engineering hubs; workshops can hand-copy the most critical tables
Errors in compilation not caught before printing	Incorrect design data enters circulation	Double-verification protocol (Section 3.2); errata mechanism (Section 5.3); encourage engineers to cross-check critical values against original sources where available

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FOOTNOTES

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1. NZS 3603:1993, Timber Structures Standard. Published by Standards New Zealand. Specifies design properties for NZ timber species including characteristic stresses, moduli of elasticity, and modification factors. This is the primary NZ reference for timber structural design. https://www.standards.govt.nz/↩︎

2. AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017, Electrical Installations — Selection of Cables — Cables for alternating voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV. Joint Australian/New Zealand standard specifying cable selection, ampacity tables, voltage drop calculations, and derating factors. This is the mandatory reference for electrical cable sizing in NZ. https://www.standards.govt.nz/↩︎

3. Standards New Zealand (trading as part of MBIE) is the national standards body. Physical copies of standards are held by engineering consultancies, territorial authorities, university libraries, and some public libraries. Standards NZ moved to digital-only distribution for many standards in recent years, making physical copies of current editions less common than for older editions.↩︎

4. NZ Timber Design Guide, published by NZ Wood (formerly NZ Pine Manufacturers’ Association). Contains pre-computed span tables, connection details, and design guidance specific to NZ timber species and grades. Widely distributed to engineers and building practitioners. https://www.nzwood.co.nz/↩︎

5. NZ Steel Glenbrook’s product range under normal conditions includes hot-rolled coil, cold-rolled coil, galvanised coil, and COLORSTEEL. The mill does not produce structural sections (UB, UC, PFC, angles) — these have historically been imported, primarily from Australia (OneSteel/Liberty Steel) and Asia. Under isolation, structural section supply depends entirely on existing NZ stockholding, salvage from demolished structures, and any future capability to roll sections at Glenbrook or at a secondary mill. Source: NZ Steel website, https://www.nzsteel.co.nz/; also Doc #89.↩︎

6. NZ Steel Glenbrook’s product range under normal conditions includes hot-rolled coil, cold-rolled coil, galvanised coil, and COLORSTEEL. The mill does not produce structural sections (UB, UC, PFC, angles) — these have historically been imported, primarily from Australia (OneSteel/Liberty Steel) and Asia. Under isolation, structural section supply depends entirely on existing NZ stockholding, salvage from demolished structures, and any future capability to roll sections at Glenbrook or at a secondary mill. Source: NZ Steel website, https://www.nzsteel.co.nz/; also Doc #89.↩︎

7. NZS 3404:1997, Steel Structures Standard. Specifies design rules for structural steelwork in NZ, including seismic provisions. Uses Grade 300 (fy = 300 MPa) and Grade 350 (fy = 350 MPa) as standard grades, with some higher-strength grades for specific applications. Section property tables are published in the Australasian Steel Institute (ASI) Steel Construction Handbook. https://www.standards.govt.nz/↩︎

8. Ministry for Primary Industries, National Exotic Forest Description (NEFD), 2020. Reports approximately 1.72 million hectares of planted exotic forest in NZ, of which approximately 90% is radiata pine. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/forestry/↩︎

9. NZ Timber Design Guide, published by NZ Wood (formerly NZ Pine Manufacturers’ Association). Contains pre-computed span tables, connection details, and design guidance specific to NZ timber species and grades. Widely distributed to engineers and building practitioners. https://www.nzwood.co.nz/↩︎

10. PE (polyethylene) pipe has become the dominant material for NZ water mains since the 1990s, replacing asbestos cement and cast iron. PE 100 (SDR 11 or SDR 17) is the current standard for pressure applications. Its smooth bore gives lower friction losses than steel or concrete pipe at the same nominal diameter. Source: NZ Water Industry Group guidelines; Iplex technical data.↩︎

11. AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017, Electrical Installations — Selection of Cables — Cables for alternating voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV. Joint Australian/New Zealand standard specifying cable selection, ampacity tables, voltage drop calculations, and derating factors. This is the mandatory reference for electrical cable sizing in NZ. https://www.standards.govt.nz/↩︎

12. AS/NZS 3000:2018 (Wiring Rules) specifies conductor colour identification for NZ installations. Active conductors: red (single phase) or red/white/blue (three phase) in older installations; brown (single phase) or brown/black/grey (three phase) in newer installations following harmonised colours. Neutral: black (old) or blue (new). Earth: green/yellow. Both colour systems remain in widespread use in NZ.↩︎

13. NZ adopted the metric system progressively from 1969, with most industrial sectors transitioning by the mid-1980s. However, significant quantities of pre-metric and imported imperial-threaded equipment remain in service, particularly in agricultural, forestry, and marine applications. BSW (Whitworth) threads are found on pre-1960s British and NZ-manufactured equipment. BSP (British Standard Pipe) thread remains the NZ standard for pipe fittings and is not being replaced by metric. Source: Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand; practical observation.↩︎

14. Locally fabricated welding electrodes (Doc #94) will differ from imported electrodes in flux chemistry and arc characteristics. Welders will need to adjust amperage settings, travel speed, and technique. The engineering reference should note that standard amperage ranges assume commercial-quality electrodes; locally produced electrodes may require 10–20% higher current and slower travel speeds. This requires field validation.↩︎

15. NZS 3404:1997, Steel Structures Standard. Specifies design rules for structural steelwork in NZ, including seismic provisions. Uses Grade 300 (fy = 300 MPa) and Grade 350 (fy = 350 MPa) as standard grades, with some higher-strength grades for specific applications. Section property tables are published in the Australasian Steel Institute (ASI) Steel Construction Handbook. https://www.standards.govt.nz/↩︎

16. Greywacke (indurated sandstone) is the dominant basement rock across much of NZ and the most widely used aggregate for concrete and roading. It is also the most common building stone in NZ heritage structures. Source: GNS Science, Geology of New Zealand; BRANZ construction guides.↩︎

17. NZ Building Code clause H1 (Energy Efficiency) specifies minimum insulation R-values by climate zone. NZ has three climate zones for H1 purposes. Zone 1 (northernmost): minimum R 2.0 for roofs, R 1.2 for walls. Zone 3 (southernmost): minimum R 3.0 for roofs, R 1.9 for walls. These values are pre-catastrophe standards; under nuclear winter conditions with reduced heating fuel, higher insulation levels are strongly advisable (Doc #162). Source: MBIE, NZ Building Code H1. https://www.building.govt.nz/↩︎

18. NZ adopted the metric system progressively from 1969, with most industrial sectors transitioning by the mid-1980s. However, significant quantities of pre-metric and imported imperial-threaded equipment remain in service, particularly in agricultural, forestry, and marine applications. BSW (Whitworth) threads are found on pre-1960s British and NZ-manufactured equipment. BSP (British Standard Pipe) thread remains the NZ standard for pipe fittings and is not being replaced by metric. Source: Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand; practical observation.↩︎

19. NZ adopted the metric system progressively from 1969, with most industrial sectors transitioning by the mid-1980s. However, significant quantities of pre-metric and imported imperial-threaded equipment remain in service, particularly in agricultural, forestry, and marine applications. BSW (Whitworth) threads are found on pre-1960s British and NZ-manufactured equipment. BSP (British Standard Pipe) thread remains the NZ standard for pipe fittings and is not being replaced by metric. Source: Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand; practical observation.↩︎

20. NZ adopted the metric system progressively from 1969, with most industrial sectors transitioning by the mid-1980s. However, significant quantities of pre-metric and imported imperial-threaded equipment remain in service, particularly in agricultural, forestry, and marine applications. BSW (Whitworth) threads are found on pre-1960s British and NZ-manufactured equipment. BSP (British Standard Pipe) thread remains the NZ standard for pipe fittings and is not being replaced by metric. Source: Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand; practical observation.↩︎

21. NZS 3404:1997, Steel Structures Standard. Specifies design rules for structural steelwork in NZ, including seismic provisions. Uses Grade 300 (fy = 300 MPa) and Grade 350 (fy = 350 MPa) as standard grades, with some higher-strength grades for specific applications. Section property tables are published in the Australasian Steel Institute (ASI) Steel Construction Handbook. https://www.standards.govt.nz/↩︎

22. NZS 3603:1993, Timber Structures Standard. Published by Standards New Zealand. Specifies design properties for NZ timber species including characteristic stresses, moduli of elasticity, and modification factors. This is the primary NZ reference for timber structural design. https://www.standards.govt.nz/↩︎

23. NZ Timber Design Guide, published by NZ Wood (formerly NZ Pine Manufacturers’ Association). Contains pre-computed span tables, connection details, and design guidance specific to NZ timber species and grades. Widely distributed to engineers and building practitioners. https://www.nzwood.co.nz/↩︎

24. AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017, Electrical Installations — Selection of Cables — Cables for alternating voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV. Joint Australian/New Zealand standard specifying cable selection, ampacity tables, voltage drop calculations, and derating factors. This is the mandatory reference for electrical cable sizing in NZ. https://www.standards.govt.nz/↩︎

25. AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017, Electrical Installations — Selection of Cables — Cables for alternating voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV. Joint Australian/New Zealand standard specifying cable selection, ampacity tables, voltage drop calculations, and derating factors. This is the mandatory reference for electrical cable sizing in NZ. https://www.standards.govt.nz/↩︎